Investing– category –

Independent explanations of investment mathematics, funds, valuation and technology, with transparent calculations and primary sources. Choose a starting point below.

Getting started: A practical first-month investing plan · Investing small amounts and managing fees

Understanding returns and risk: CAGR versus average returns · Leverage, margin and daily reset

Technology and market flows: AI data centers and electricity demand · Memory stock buybacks and index flows

Memory companies and AI economics: HBM, DRAM and NAND company map · Five tests for a memory supercycle · AI capex, depreciation and cash flow

Decisions when stocks disappoint: Why good earnings can send a stock lower · The break-even trap before averaging down

Check the assumptions behind each example. Product availability and tax treatment depend on your country and account.